HomeMy WebLinkAboutORD 79-84 ORDINANCE NO.
ENTITLED AN ORDINANCE AMENDING
CHAPTER 26 OF THE CODE OF ORDINANCES
OF THE CITY OF BEAUMONT TO PROVIDE
A NEW SECTION 26-68 ADOPTING A UNI-
FORM BARRICADES AND SIGNS PROGRAM
OF THE CITY OF BEAUMONT; PROVIDING
FOR SEVERABILITY; PROVIDING FOR
REPEAL; PROVIDING FOR PENALTY.
BE IT ORDAINED BY THE CITY OF BEAUMONT:
Section 1.
That Chapter 26 of the Code of Ordinances of the
City of Beaumont is hereby amended by adding a new Section
26-68 to read as follows:
Section 26-68: The "Uniform Barricades and Signs
Program" of the City of Beaumont,
a copy of which is attached to this
ordinance as Exhibit "A" , a copy of
which is filed in the Office of the
City Clerk of the City of Beaumont,
is hereby adopted to provide standards
for street barricading and signing
in construction and maintenance areas
within the city limits of the City
of Beaumont.
Section 2.
That if any section, subsection, sentence, clause
or phrase of this ordinance, or the application of same to
a particular set of persons or circumstances, should for
any reason be held to be invalid, such invalidity shall not
affect the remaining portions of this ordinance, and to such
end the various portions and provisions of this ordinance are
declared to be severable.
Section 3 .
All ordinances or parts of ordinances in conflict
herewith are repealed to the extent of the conflict only.
Section 4 .
Any person who violates any provision of this
ordinance shall, upon conviction, be punished as provided
in Section 1-8 of the Code of Ordinances of Beaumont, Texas.
PASSED BY THE CITY COUNCIL of the City of Beaumont
this the day of ,(i 1979.
Mayor -
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The guidelines set forth in this manual regarding barricading and
signing in construction and maintenance areas are in accordance
with those found in the Texas Manual on Uniform Traffic Control
Devices, Vol . I, Signs and Barricades distributed by the Texas
Highway Department, Division of Maintenance Operations, and with
those in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets
and Highways distributed by the U. S. Department of Transportation,
Federal Highway administration.
The Texas Highway Department is exempt of the obligation of obtain-
ing a permit to work on any city street as set forth in this manual ,
if said street is under the jurisdiction and control of the Texas
Highway Department.
CONTENTS
I. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
II. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
A. Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
B. Permit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
C. Streets and Alleys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
D. Detour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
E. Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
F. City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
G. Shall, Should and May . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
H. Public Right-Of-Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
I. Contractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
J. Emergency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
III. Procedure and Permit Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
A. Permit Requirement . . . . . . . . . . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • 4
B. Persons Requiring Permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
C. Emergency Situations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
IV. Traffic Control Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
A. Introduction and General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
B. Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
C. Construction Regulatory Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
D. Construction Warning Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
E. Construction Guide Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
V. Traffic Control Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
A. Barricades and Channelizing Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
B. Construction Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
C. Traffic Control Through Construction Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
D. Typical Detour Signing and Barricade Applications . . . . . . . . . . .64 - 79
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FIGURES
FIG. PAGE
1 Height and Lateral Location of Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2 Method of Mounting Signs Other Than Posts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20A
3 Standard Barricade Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38B
4 Type I Barricade Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5 Examples of Street Barricading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43C
6 Type III Barricade Construction-Typical Examples . . . . . . . . . . 44
7 Flagperson Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58D
8 Use of Handsignaling Devices by Flagpersons . . . . . . . . . . . . 60A
9 Placement of Initial Warning Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
10 Signs Used in Detour System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . 67
11 Detour Signing in a Grid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
12 Traffic Control Devices on Two-Lane Highway When One
Lane is Closed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
13 Maintenance Operations of Short Duration on a One-Lane
Roadway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
14 Traffic Control Devices on Two-Lane Highway Where
Entire Roadway is Closed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
15 Four-Lane Undivided Roadway Where Half the Roadway
is Closed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
16 Four-Lane Divided Roadway Where One Roadway is Closed . . . . . . . 73
17 Closing Multiple Lanes of a Multilane Highway . . . . . . . . . 74
18 Four-Lane Divided Roadway Where Half of Roadway is Closed . . . . . 75
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 2
FIG. PAGE
19 Construction in Mid-Block in Curb Lane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
20 Construction in Mid-Block in Center Lane . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
21 Construction Near and Far Side of Intersection . . . . . . . . . . . 78
22 Construction Blocking Half of Two-Lane and Half of
Four-Lane Street . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
SECTION I - GENERAL
Any person who undertakes to perform any work upon, in,
under, above or about any public street, highway, roadway, alley
or sidewalk, hereafter collectively called public right-of-way,
which requires that the street be partially or completely closed
for construction and/or maintenance operation which work shall
require excavation within or occupancy of the whole or a portion
of the width of any such public right-of-way by equipment, materials,
debris or workmen shall use barricades, signals, flags, flares, and
all other traffic control and warning devices and procedures about
the work area during the duration of the work within the public
right-of-way of the type and in the manner required by the "Manual
of Uniform Barricading Standards" adopted hereinbelow. Such per-
sons shall also be required to obtain a permit from the Director
of Traffic & Transportation if the Specifications stated in Section
III - B 1-3, Pg. 9, are applicable. This permit must be acquired
before construction is begun. Purpose of the permit is to insure
that ample consideration has been given to the effect of said con-
struction work on the flow of traffic.
It shall be the responsibility of the permit-holder to
provide, erect, place and maintain all warning signs, traffic con-
trol devices and barricades required by the Manual or the Director.
All such signs, devices and barricades should be in good condition,
clean and legible and shall be of the type required by the Manual;
provided, that the Director may authorize the use of different or
special devices and equipment if, in his opinion, such equipment
will be at least as effective for its intended purpose as that set
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forth for such purpose in the Manual. When additional regulatory
signs are deemed necessary by the Director such signing will be
installed as directed by the Department of Traffic $ Transportation
along with such regulatory signs as are required to be provided by
the City as required by the Manual.
SECTION II - DEFINITIONS
A. DIRECTOR. Shall mean the Director of Traffic &
Transportation of the City of Beaumont or his appointed representa-
tive.
B. PERMIT. Shall mean a written letter of approval
from the Director of Traffic & Transportation or his appointed
representative.
C. STREETS AND ALLEYS. The term "Street" shall mean
a traveled way for vehicular traffic, whether designated as a
street, highway, thoroughfare, parkway, thoroughway, road,
avenue, boulevard, lane, place or however otherwise designated.
1. MAJOR THOROUGHFARE OR ARTERIAL STREETS are
principal traffic arteries more or less continuous across the City
which are intended to connect remote parts of the City and which
are used primarily for fast or heavy volume traffic and shall in-
clude but not be limited to each street designated as a major
street on the Major Street Plan.
2. COLLECTOR STREETS are those which carry traffic
from minor streets to the major system of arterial streets and
highways including the principal entrance streets of a residential
development and streets for circulation within such a development.
3
3. MINOR STREETS are those which are used primarily
for access to abutting residential properties which are intended to
serve traffic within a limited residential district.
4. ALLEYS are minor traveled ways which are used
primarily for vehicular service access to the back or the side of
properties otherwise abutting on a street.
D. DETOUR. Shall mean an alternate route in which vehicu-
lar traffic is directed around a street which is closed.
E. MANUAL. Shall mean the Manual on Uniform Barricading
Standards.
F. CITY. Shall mean the City of Beaumont
G. SHALL, SHOULD, & MAY. The work "shall" is a mandatory
condition, the word "should" is an advisory conditions to insure
safe operation conditions, and the word "may" is a permissive condition.
H. PUBLIC RIGHT-OF-WAY. Shall mean any public street, high-
way, roadway, alley, or sidewalk.
I. CONTRACTOR. Shall mean any person or group of persons
entering into an agreement with the City of Beaumont.
J. EMERGENCY. Shall be an unforeseen combination of cir-
cumstances or the resulting state, that calls for immediate action.
SECTION III - PROCEDURE AND PERMIT REQUIREMENTS
A. PERMIT REQUIRED
1 . APPLICATION. When a permit is required, the permit
application shall, unless otherwise authorized by the Director for
good cause shown be filed with the Director at least five (5) days
prior to the day the applicant seeks to first close or block any
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Part of the roadway and shall contain the following information.
(1) The name, telephone number, local address and
( principal place of business of the applicant;
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(2) The name and day and night telephone number of
the engineer, foreman or other person who will be in charge of the
construction or repairs for which the application is requested;
(3) The times of the day and total number of calendar
days the applicant seeks to block the roadway,
(4) Contain a statement signed by the applicant, or
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a person authorized to bind the applicant, that the applicant will
indemnity and forever hold the City harmless against each and every
claim, demand or cause of action that may be made or come against
it by reason of or in any way arising out of the closing or blocking
of the roadway by the applicant under a permit from the City, if such
permit is granted;
(5) A standard barricading layout showing placement of
barricades, cones and informational signs used on the project,
f,
(6) An explanation as to the nature or type of work that
is to be performed along with its location;
f (7) Any other information deemed necessary by the
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Director.
f 2. APPROVAL OR DISAPPROVAL. The Director shall
either approve or disapprove the application in five (5) business
days after it is submitted. The Director may approve an application
either as applied for or subject to special requirements, as pro-
vided in Section III A-3 which special requirements shall be en-
dorsed on the permit when issued and become a part thereof. If
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an application is not approved, the Director shall so notify the
applicant, in writing, stating the reasons for disapproval. An
applicant may, if he so desires, undertake the revision of the
unapproved application and re-submit it to the Director who shall
approve, approve subject to special requirements, or disapprove
the amended application within two (2) business days.
(1) The Director may disapprove applications for
permits under this Article only for the following reasons :
(a) The proposed barricading, channelizing,
signing, warning or other traffic control procedures or the
equipment therefore do not comply with the requirements of the
Manual;
(b) The nature of the work to be performed
or its location is such that the work may, without imposing any
undue hardship on the applicant, be performed without the necessi-
ty of blocking or closing the roadway;
(c) The work or the manner in which it is to
be performed will violate a City ordinance or a State statute;
(d) Failure to furnish all of the information
required by this Article or, except for good cause shown, to file
the application within the time prescribed by this Article;
(e) Misrepresenting or falsifying any -
informa-tion in the application.
3. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS. The Director may at the
time he approves an application or anytime after a permit is
issued require:
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(a) The use or specific location of addition-
al barricades, signals, signs, or other traffic. control or safety
devices or the pursuance of special traffic control or safety
procedures;
(b) That the work be performed only at certain
hours during the day or night, or during specified days of the week;
(c) That only a specified area or not more than
a specified number of lanes shall be blocked 'at the same time or at
specified times of the day;
(d) That materials and equipment used in the
work site and dirt removed from any excavation be located other
than in the vehicle traffic lanes of such roadway;
(e) That all equipment be moved from the
traffic lanes and any excavation in the traffic lanes be covered
.or filled with materials of sufficient strength and construction
{` to permit vehicular traffic to pass over such excavation during
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all or part of the peak traffic periods or at night;
When such requirements are deemed neces-
sary by the Director in the interest of public safety and to avoid
traffic congestion, any such special requirements shall be endorsed
j on the permit and shall be a part thereof.
4. REVOCATION. The Director, Chief of Police,
Director of Public Works, or their authorized representatives may stop work
related to a permit issued hereunder in an emergency situation or if any
of the-permit-holder's barricading, signing, channelizing, warning or other
traffic control procedures or the equipment at the work site do not comply
with the requirements of the Manual, or with any special require-.
i
ments imposed by the Director. The permit-holder,. or the person
named as responsible for or in charge of the work in the permit,
shall first be notified of the failure or defect and he given
a reasonable time, such length of time to be determined by the
Director and not to exceed twenty-four (24) hours, to correct
same before such permit is revoked.
In the event a permit issued under this Article is revoked, it shall
be unlawful to continue to block the roadway,• except.to restore the
site to its proper condition as required herein.
5. RESTORATION. In the event a permit is revoked,
the permit-holder shall immediately commence operations to restore
the work area within the roadway to its proper condition, such
work to be completed within twenty-four (24) hours. In addition,
except as required to restore the work area to its proper condi-
tion, the permit-holder shall remove all equipment, men, materials
and debris from the roadway.
In the event such restoration is not done, the City shall be authorized,
at its election, to take charge of the work and restore the premises
to its proper condition and shall be entitled to recover from the
permit-holder by civil action the actual expenses incurred by the
City in restoring the premises, including, but not limited to,
cost of labor, materials, overhead, rental of any equipment used
by the City- in restoring the site and attorney's fees, and for
such purposes, the City shall have a right of action against any
bonds in effect running from the hol"der of the permit to the City,
l conditioned upon compliance with the ordinances of the City of
Beaumont in the performance of said work.
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6. PENALTY. Any person who violates any provision
of this Article shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction
shall be subject to a fine not to exceed $200.00. Each day of such
violation shall constitue a separate offense. Such penalty shall
be cumulative, and not exclusive, of any other rights or remedies
the City of Beaumont may have.
B. PERSONS REQUIRING PERMITS
1. Contractor's Requirements
a. Any contractor undertaking any work whether of
his own, or under contract for any other person, and such work is
within a City Street and requires that a set of plans be drawn up
due to the extensive and/or complex nature of the work, will be sub-
ject to the provisions set forth in Section III, B-1 , and must file
for a permit before beginning construction. Proof must also be
shown that he has obtained approval by other effected agencies of
the City to actually perform the work.
b. A plan must be prepared by the contracting
agency showing where work is to be performed. The plan will include
a standard barricading layout showing placement of barricades, cones
and informational signs used on the project. In most cases, layouts
will be similar to those shown in the latter part of the attached
Manual. Deviation from the Manual will be allowed only with approval
of the Director of Traffic & Transportation or his appointed repre-
sentative.
c. The plan as mentioned in step (b) above must
be submitted a minimum of five business days prior to actual beginning
of the construction work. This time period will allow the Traffic
9
t; Transportation Department the opportunity to survey the construc-
tion site in an attempt to uncover any traffic problems which might
develop as a result of the barricading.
I d. Each contractor or construction agency will
provide with his barricading plan, a listing of all persons directly
responsible for the safety on each project, including addresses or
I, telephone numbers at which said persons can be reached at any
hour of the day if a hazardous condition develops.
2. Contract work by City prepared construction plans.
In the event the contractor undertakes work based on plans prepared
by the Department of Traffic $ Transportation, all detour and bar-
ricading requirements will be inserted as part of the construction
plans.
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In this situation, the contractor's acceptance.
{ of the construction project will serve as indication that he under-
stands the layout and is responsible subject to the penalties
iestablished in the attached Ordinance.
3. City Forces and Public Utility Company Requirements
1 a. All City forces, as well as public utility
companies performing construction work within a street which requires
that a set of plans be drawn up due to the extensive and/or complex
nature of work, will be subject to the same requirements established
in Section "B-1" above. Such work would include major street con-
struction (street cuts, street widening, etc.) , water and sewerage
{ line laying or relocation or off-street construction which requires
that a portion of the adjacent roadway be barricaded.
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0. Construction work performed by City forces or
utility companies, minor enough such that a set of plans need not
be drawn up, will not be subject to the same requirements established
in Section -I" above. Such work includes minor street. construction
(re-surfacing, patching,striping) , minor utility work (usage of man-
holes such that a lane must be barricaded) , etc. These forces will
be required however to comply with all other provisions set forth
in this Manual as to the construction site barricade layout and
t signing. In addition, the Director of Traffic $ Transportation or
his authorized representative shall be contacted before said con-
struction work is begun and be informed of the location and nature
of construction. This work shall not be performed during the peak
hour congestion periods of 7:00-9:00 A.M. and 4:00-6:00 P.M. , un-
less approved by the _Director of Traffic & Transportation
C. EMERGENCY SITUATIONS. The requirements as mentioned
above are to be used for all planned construction projects. In
the event of an emergency type situation, notification of work to
be done can he made by telephone directly to the Director of Traffic
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$ Transportation, Chief of Police, Director of Public Works, or their
authorized representatives, thereby bypassing the requirements mentioned
above. Under these conditions the contractor or agency will still be
required to follow the basic barricading standards as outlined in the Manual .
SECTION IV - TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
T
c A. INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
0. 1. Scoff of Standards
Serious problems of traffic control result under .
special conditions encountered where traffic must be moved through
or around construction and maintenance operations. These conditions
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are temporary, but more difficult to deal with because it is not
in accord with normal traffic patterns. Obviously, there is no
standard sequence of barricading, channelization, and signing which
can be set up as an inflexible arrangement for all situations due
to the variety of conditions which may be encountered. Therefore,
it is the purpose of this Manual to serve as a standard for uniform
construction procedure in installing and maintaining devices to
control traffic around construction sites in urban areas. These
devices primarily include barricading equipment and signs.
Since it is not possible to prescribe detailed
standards of application for all situations which may be encountered,
certain minimum standards are presented here for the most common
situations. Any particular situation encountered for which there
is no clear method of handling should be taken up with the Traffic
& Transportation Department, as inappropriate handling may cause
unsafe conditions. It is emphasized here that these are minimum
desirable standards which must be met, and that additional protection
in the most common situations, and most certainly in more complex
situations, is desirable.
As mentioned previously, these standards deal pri-
marily with urban traffic conditions, characterized by relatively
low speeds, high traffic volumes , limited maneuvering space, frequent
turns and cross-movements, and considerable pedestrian movement.
There is already considerable conflict involved
in urban traffic movement, and further conflict due to construction/
maintenance operations should be kept to a minimum. Following the
principles set forth in this Manual should keep these conflicts at
the lowest possible level.
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2. Standardization of Application
The general principles outlined in this Manual
are applicable to both rural and urban areas. Since it is not prac-
tical to prescribe detailed standards of application for all the sit-
uations that may conceivably arise, minimum standards are presented
here for the most common situations. It is emphasized that these are
minimum desirable standards for normal situations and that additional
protection must be provided When special complexities and hazards pre-.
vail . The protection prescribed for each situation shall be based on
the speed and volume of traffic, duration of operation, and exposure
to hazards. As used in this Part, the term STREET refers to all the
streets within the City limits of the City of Beaumont.
Traffic conditions on streets are characterized by
relatively low speeds, wide ranges of volumes, limited manuevering
space, frequent turns and cross movements, a significant pedestrian
movement and other obstructions. Construction and maintenance oper-
ations are more numerous and varied, including such diverse activities
as pavement cuts for utility work, pavement patching and surfacing,
pavement marking renewal and encroachments by adjacent building
construction. Work on arterial streets should be restricted to off-
peak hours to minimize conflicts with traffic.
The difficulties associated with the completion of
work on lanes carrying high volumes of traffic will make it necessary.
in some instances to schedule construction and/or maintenance opera-
tions at night. While scheduling avoids peak flows, the problems
associated with work site delineation and warning device placement
are increased.
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Although each situation must be dealt with individu-
ally, conformity with the provisions established herein is required.
In particular situations not adequately covered by the provisions of
this Manual, the protection of the traveling public and of the workmen
on the scene will dictate the measures to be taken, consistent with
the general principles set forth herein.
3. Legal Responsibility
Legal authority for the City of Beaumont to erect
and maintain traffic control devices, requirement of obedience to
official traffic control devices, prohibition of the display of un-
authorized signs, and prohibition of interference with official
traffic control devices are found in the "Texas Uniform Act Regula-
ting Traffic on Highways," Codified as Article 6701d, Vernon's
Civil Statutes.
The provisions for public protection established
herein are for application by (1) municipal forces performing con-
struction .or maintenance operations on roads and streets; (2) con-
tractors employed in road or street construction or maintenance
under contract to any governmental authority; and (3) all others,
including employees of public utility companies performing any work
on city streets or so closely adjacent as to create hazards for the
public or for themselves.
These standards, as a part of the Barricading
Manual, should be adopted by all public authorities concerned with
city streets, and should be given effect by official instructions
to employees and by incorporation into the specifications for all
contracts.
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It is important that the authorities having juris-
diction be able to require proper protection, that responsibility be .
clearly assigned, that adequate training of personnel be provided,
and that there be adherence to the standards and provisions of this
Manual.
4. General Requirements
All traffic control devices used on road or street
construction or maintenance work shall conform to the applicable speci-
fications of this Manual.
Traffic control devices shall be installed at the
inception of construction or maintenance operations, and shall be
properly maintained and/or operated during the time such special
conditions exist. They shall remain in place only as long as they
are needed and shall be immediately removed thereafter. Where opera-
tions are performed in stages, there shall be in place only those
devices that apply to the conditions present.
Signs that do not apply to existing conditions shall be removed,
covered or turned so as not to be readable by oncoming traffic.
Barricades and sign supports shall be constructed and erected in
a workmanlike manner.
S. Maintenance of Traffic Control Devices
.In order to function most efficiently and retain
their authority, traffic control devices must be well maintained.
Deteriorated traffic control devices command little respect and lose
effectiveness.
Signs shall be kept in proper position, clean and
legible at all times. Signs that do not apply to existing conditions
shall be removed or covered if needed at a later time. Damaged defaced
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or dirty signs shall be cleaned, repaired or ,replaced.
Barricades and sign supports shall be neatly con-
structed and shall not appear makeshift or hastily thrown together.
They shall be repaired and cleaned or repainted as needed to keep up
their appearance.
Special care shall be taken to see that weeds,
shrubbery, construction materials or equipment, earth, sand, . rocks
and snow are not allowed to obscure any sign, light or barricade.
B. Signs
1. Design
Uniformity in design includes shape, color,
dimensions, symbols, wording, lettering, and illumination or reflectors-
zation. Design is an important part of sign use as the uniformity
serves to simplify the message involved. Motorists shall be able to
determine the general message by the design of the sign.
Street or highway construction and maintenance
signs fall into the same three major categories as do other traffic
signs; namely, Regulatory signs, Warning signs, and Guide signs.
Many signs normally used elsewhere will also find application for
signing construction and maintenance operations. Special construction
and maintenance signs follow the basic standards for all highway signs
as to shape. Warning signs in construction areas shall have a black
legend on an orange background. Existing yellow warning signs already
in place within these areas may remain in use. Color for other signs
shall follow the standard for all highway signs. Most signs in this
Manual are copies of signs in the National Manual on Uniform Traffic
Control Devices For Streets and Highways, 1971 edition.
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The use of stripes (other than the standard
border) or other geometric patterns or contrasting colors on or around
any sign in an attempt to make it more conspicuous, distracts attention
from the message, and defeats the purpose of maintaining uniformity
and simplicity of design. Such practice is contrary to standards
and is accordingly disapproved. However, the use of standard orange
flags or yellow flashing warning lights in conjunction with signs is
permitted, so long as they do not interfere with a clear view of the
sign face.
The dimensions of signs shown herein are for
standard sizes, which may be increased wherever necessary for greater
legibility or emphasis. On city streets smaller signs may be used if
authorized by lawful authority. Deviations from standard sizes as
prescribed herein shall be in six-inch increments.
Standard sign sizes and colors are shown in the
illustrations of the individual signs. Where the orange background is
specified and reflectorization is not required, a fluorescent material
may be used for increased daytime visibility.
2. Illumination and Reflectorization
All signs intended to be used during hours of
darkness shall be reflectorized or where there is serious interference
from extraneous light sources and a reflectorized installation is not
likely to give effective performance, an illuminated sign should be
used. Sign illumination may be either internal or external. When the
full face of the sign is outlined by internal illumination, thereby
indicating the shape of the sign, background reflectorization is not
required. Where external illumination is provided, the light source
17
should be properly shielded to protect drivers from glare.
3. Standardization of Position
Signs shall be placed in positions where they
will convey their messages most effectively and placement must there-
fore be accommodated to street design and alignment, Signs shall be
so placed that the driver will have adequate time for response.
As a general rule, signs shall be located on the
right hand side of the street or roadway. Where special emphasis is
deemed necessary, dual installations may be made which consist of
duplicate signs. Opposite each other on the left and right sides of
the roadway, respectively.
Within a construction or maintenance zone, however,
it is often necessary and/or desirable to erect signs on portable supports
placed within the roadway itself. It is also permissible to mount appro-
priate signs on barricades.
Standards for height and lateral clearance of
roadside signs are shown in figure (1) . Signs mounted on barricades,
or temporary supports, may be at lower heights but the bottom of the
sign shall be not less than one foot above the pavement elevation.
Higher mounting heights are, however desirable. (See Fig. l on Pg. 19) .
Where open roadway conditions prevail on the
approach to the work site, advance warning signs should be placed approx-
imately 1,500 feet in advance of the condition to which they are calling
attention. Where a series of advance warning signs are used, the warn-
ing signs nearest the work site should be placed approximately 500 feet
from the point of restriction with the additional signs at 500 - 1000
foot intervals. On city streets, where more restrictive conditions
generally prevail on the approach to the work area signs in the
18
immediate vicinity of the work may be placed at closer spacings.
Typical sequences and spacings of advanced warning signs are shown
in pages 64-79.
ROADSIDE SIGN
RURAL DISTRICT
DETOUR
ROAD 1000 FT
CONSTRUCTION
AHEAD
35
M.P.H.
6'- 12'
5 (WITH SPEED PLATE )
4
4 \
ROADSIDE SIGN
URBAN DISTRICT
STREET
RIGHT LANE CLOSED CLOSED
2�MIN. 1000 FT.
2'MIN. 500 FT
P.H.
35
M.
Z
� Z
cp
.d
(WITH SPEED PLATE).
Fig. l
HEIGHT AND LATERAL LOCATION OF SIGNS
19
4. Erection
Sign posts and their foundations shall be so con-
structed as to hold signs. rigidly in a proper and permanent position
and to resist swaying in the wind or displacement by children or
vandals.
Signs on fixed supports are usually mounted on a
single post, although those wider than 36 inches or larger than 10
square feet in area should generally be mounted on two posts. Signs
mounted on portable supports are suitable for temporary conditions.
All such installations should be so constructed to yield upon impact
to minimize hazards to motorists.
For maximum mobility on certain types of maintenance
operations , a large sign may be effectively mounted on a vehicle sta-
tioned in advance of the work or moving along with it. This may be
the working vehicle itself, as in the case of shoulder-mowing or pave-
ment marking equipment, or a vehicle provided expressly for this purpose.
These mobile sign displays may be mounted on a trailer, may be provided
with self-contained power units for flashers and lights, or may be
mounted on a regular maintenance vehicle.
Guide signs, although ordinarily erected on separate
posts, may also be mounted on or above barricades, but should not be
permitted to interfere with the effectiveness of necessary regulatory
and warning signs.
Typical methods of mounting signs other than on posts
are shown in Fig. 2, Pg. 2.0 a.
20
HIGH VIEW PORTABLE TRIPOD
PORTABLE SIGN SIGN
FOLD AWAY TEMPORARY SIGN
PORTABLE SIGN MOUNTING
SINGLE POLE �
TRUCK MOUNTED
PORTABLE SIGN PORTABLE SIGN
Fig . 2
20A
C. CONSTRUCTION REGULATORY SIGNS
1. Design
Regulatory signs are basically rectangular in shape
with the larger dimension vertical, and may be easily recognized
by their black lettering and border on a white background.
However, there are a number of exceptions to this basic standard
in both color and shape. For example, stop signs are octagon
shaped and red with white lettering and border. Other signs
that vary are the Yield sign, Do Not Enter, and One-Way sign.
2. Application
Construction and maintenance operations represent
unusual roadway conditions and warrant special attention. If
construction or maintenance operations require regulatory measures
different from those normally in effect, the existing permanent
regulatory devices shall be removed or covered and superseded by
the appropriate temporary regulatory sign, taking into account
applicable ordinances or statutes of the jursidiction involved.
21
Regulatory signs impose legal obligations and/or
restrictions on all traffic, therefore, they cannot be expected to
command respect and obedience unless the regulations imposed by the
signs are realistic and adequately enforced.
3. Road Closed Sign
The ROAD (STREET) CLOSED signs shall be .used where
the roadway is closed to all traffic except contractor's equipment and
officially authorized vehicles and shall be accompanied by appropriate
detour signing. The sign should be erected at or near the center of
the roadway on or above a Type I Barricade. Because it is the last
sign the driver will see before he must stop or turn, it is essential
that it be large and legible. Where the sign faces through traffic,
it shall be proceeded by an advance road closed sign and if applicable,
an advance detour warning sign. It shall have a minimum size of 48
inches by 30 inches..
The ROAD (STREET) CLOSED sign shall not be used
where traffic is maintained or where the actual closure is some distance
beyond the sign and local traffic is permitted access to nearer points .
In the latter case, the Local Traffic Only sign should be used.
ROAD (48"X 30° )
CLOSED
4. Road Closed on Thru Traffic Sign
The Local Traffic Only sign should be used where
through traffic must detour to avoid a closing of the road or street
some distance beyond, but where the road or street is open for traffic
22
up to the point of closure. It shall carry the legend ROAD CLOSED
AHEAD - LOCAL TRAFFIC ONLY or, optionally for urban use, STREET CLOSED
TO THRU. TRAFFIC and shall be accompanied by appropriate detour signing.
The letters, numerals and border shall be black and the background
shall be of white reflective material.
ROAD CLOSED
TO
JHRU TRAFFIC
(6dIX 30��)
5. Special Regulatory Signs
Various other regulatory signs may be called for by
special operations located in or around the roadway. Although it is
not practicable to standardize many such signs in detail, they should
conform to the general requirements pertaining to color and shape.
Their messages should be brief, legible, and clearly understandable.
D. CONSTRUCTION WARNING SIGNS
1. Function
Warning signs for construction and maintenance projects
are used to notify drivers of specific hazards which may be encountered,
when those operations are underway. Within the construction zone there
may be a variety of temporary roadway facilities. Pavement width may
be reduced. Open excavations may be present in or near the roadway,
or travel across an unpaved section may be required. Drivers should
be properly alerted to possible dangers ahead in sufficient time to
adjust their speed for the hazard.
23
2. Design
Warning signs for construction and maintenance
shall be diamond shaped (square with one diagonal vertical) , having
a black symbol or message on an orange background except as provided
for herein.
Construction or maintenance operations on major
collector facilities, may also require large movable warning signs .
Mounting considerations for some of these signs may justify a change
from the standard diamond shape to a rectangular shape, but such
variances should have prior approval of the appropriate authority.
The square Advisory Speed plate shall have a
black message and border, and shall have an orange background when
used in conjunction with an orange background sign and shall have a
yellow background when used with a yellow background sign. It shall
have a minimum 24" x 24" size.
Detailed specifications are given only for signs
prescribed for construction and maintenance work and for some of the
standard signs that are commonly required for these work areas .
On city streets where speeds are low, the use of
plates 6 inches smaller on a side than the standard size, but not less
than 24 inches, may be used for warning signs having short word mess-
ages or clear symbols.
Where distances are to be shown on warning signs
as part of the legend, a separate panel with the distance shown there-
on may be erected immediately below the sign on the same support.
Where any part of the roadway is obstructed or
closed, construction approach warning signs are required to alert traffic
24
well in advance of these obstructions or restrictions to normal traffic
flow. These signs may be used singly or in combination. Because of
their importance, these signs shall have a standard size of 48 inches
by 48 inches and shall be the standard diamond shape for warning signs,
except as provided for above.
Where speeds and volumes are relatively low, a
minimum size of 36 inches by 36 inches may be used for Construction
Approach Warning Signs, provided that a minimum letter size of 5
inches can be accommodated on this size with the appropriate legend.
3. Application
Construction Approach Warning Signs are for the
primary purpose of alerting motorists, well in advance, to serious
obstructions or restrictions due to construction or maintenance oper-
ations. Various circumstances. will occur which will require extra
advance warning because of limited sight distance or nature of the
obstruction may require a motorist to bring his vehicle to a stop.
Where space permits, there should be at least two warning signs at
500 and 1000 feet in advance of the point of restriction, erected
on posts or portable mountings.
It is recognized that circumstances may occur
which will not warrant the erection of these signs at specific ad-
vance distances, particuarly where the work may not remain fixed at
a definite point. The indication of an exact distance can be mis-
leading or undesirable in cases where the restriction occurs in
advance of the actual work site, or where the first warning sign is
of a general nature and more attention is desired for subsequent,
more specific signs. If it is not practical to indicate exact
25
distance, the secondary legend AHEAD may be substituted for the
distance expressed in feet, though it should not be used so far
in advance as to lose significance.
4. Advance Road Construction Sign
The Advance Road (STREET) Construction sign
shall be located in advance of the initial activity or detour a
driver may encounter, and is intended for use as a general warning
of obstructions or restrictions. It carries the legend ROAD (STREET)
CONSTRUCTION (500) FT. OR ROAD (STREET) CONSTRUCTION (1000) FT.
It may be used in repetition with appropriate legends, or in con-
junction with other construction signs. The word AHEAD may .be
used when it is not possible to erect the sign at one of the indi-
cated distances. The letters, .numerals, and border shall be black
and the background shall be of orange reflective material.
ROAD
CONSTRUCTION
500 -
48'X 4d
S. Advance Detour Sign
The Advance Detour sign .is intended for use in
advance of a point at which traffic is diverted over a, temporary
roadway or route. It carries the legend DETOUR (500) FT. or DETOUR
(1000) FT. It may be used with repetition with appropriate legends
or in conjunction with other construction signs. The word AHEAD
26
may be used when it is not possible to erect the sign at one of
the indicated distances. The letters, numerals and border shall
be black and the background shall be of orange reflective material.
DETOUR
AHEAD
48 X 48"
6. Advance Road Closed Sign
The Advance Road (STREET) Closed sign is in-
tended for use in advance of a point at which a roadway is closed
to all traffic or to all but local traffic. It carries the legend
ROAD (STREET) CLOSED (1000) FT. OR ROAD (STREET) CLOSED 500 FT.
It may be used in repetition with appropriate legends or in con-
junction with other construction signs. The word AHEAD may be
used if it is not possible to erect the sign at one of the indicated
distances. The letters, numerals, and border shall be black and
the background shall be of orange reflective material.
ROAD
CLOSED
AHEAD
7. Advance One Lane Road Sign 48"X48"
The Advance One Lane Road sign is intended for
use only in advance of a point where traffic in both directions must
27
use a single lane. It carries the legend ONE LANE ROAD (1000) FT.
or ONE LANE ROAD (500) FT. It may be used in repetition with ap-
propriate legends or in conjunction with other construction signs.
If the one-lane stretch is of such length as
not to be visible throughout from either end, or if the traffic is
of such volume that simultaneous arrivals at both ends occur fre-
quent.ly, provision must be made to permit traffic to move alternate-
ly under control. The word AHEAD may be used if it is not possible
to erect the sign at one of the indicated distances. The letters,
numerals, and border shall be black and the background shall be of
orange reflective material.
ONE LANE
ROAD
.AHEAD
8. Advance Lane Closed Sign 48IfX48
The Advance Lane Closed sign is intended for
use where applicable in advance of a point where one lane of a
multiple-lane roadway is closed. It carries the legend RIGHT
(LEFT) LANE CLOSED (1000) FT. OR RIGHT (LEFT) LANE CLOSED (500)
FT. It may be used in repetition with appropriate legends or
in conjunction with other construction signs. The word AHEAD
may be used if it is not possible to erect the sign at one of
the indicated distances. The letters, numerals, and border
shall be black and the background shall be of orange reflective
material .
28
LEFT LANE
CLOSED
AHEAD
J . Maintenance an(' Minor Construction Warning Signs
4d'X48" At many maintenance and minor construction oper-
ations, particularly on lightly traveled roads, there may be no need
for the sequence of Construction Approach Warning signs .prescribed
for major operations . The signs described in the following sections
and in Section IV (D-20) , will ordinarily provide sufficient advance
warning in such situations, either by themselves or in' bombination
with appropriate Construction Approach Warning Signs, as dictated
by conditions. In addition, some of them may be needed inside the
limits of a major work area where traffic is maintained through the
job.
1:0� . Men Working Sign
The MEN WORKING sign is intended for use in
conjunction with minor maintenance and public utility operations
for the protection of men working in or near the roadway. On low-
speed urban areas the MEN WORKING sign is intended for use at limited
obstruction sites which are adequately marked and clearly visible,
such as an open manhole with a fence around it.
The sign shall normally be placed about 250
feet in advance of the work site in urban districts and bout 750
feet in advance of the work site in rural districts. Also, on high
speed. highways, roads, or streets, when the sight distance between
the work site and approaching traffic is less than 1200 feet, a
supplementary sign shall be placed about 1200 feet in advance of
the work site.
29
As the work progresses along the roadway all
signs shall be moved as necessary to maintain the same relative
spacing between the signs and the work area, except that a second
sign may be removed when the sight distance to the work again
exceeds 1200 feet. If fast moving maintenance operations require
frequent moving of the signs, flagmen may be used in lieu of the
signs.
The sign should be mounted on a barricade or
portable support which will not be easily knocked over or blown
down. It shall normally be placed on the shoulder of the roadway
in a manner which will enable the passing driver to read the
message easily. It must be covered or removed during the lunch
period or at any other time when the work is not in progress.
The letters and border shall be black and the background shall
be of orange, reflectorized only if used at night.
MEN
WORKING
3d'X 30'
11 . Fresh Oil Sign
The FRESH OIL (TAR) sign is intended for use
to warn motorists that resurfacing operations have rendered the sur-
face of the pavement temporarily hazardous, and that objectionable
splashing on vehicles may occur. The sign shall normally be placed
about 250 feet in advance of the beginning on the section being
treated. The letters and border shall be black and the background
shall be orange, reflectorized only if used at night.
30
FRESH
OIL
30"X 3b"
12 Road Machinery Ahead Sign
The ROAD MACHINERY AHEAD Sign is intended for
use in areas where heavy equipment is operating in or adjacent to
the roadway. This sign shall normally be placed on the shoulder
of the roadway in a manner which will enable the passing driver
to read the message easily. The sign shall remain in place only
when road machinery is actually in. operation.
The letters and border shall be black and
the background shall be orange. If used at night, the background
shall be reflectorized.
ROAD
36"X 36"MACHINERY
AHEAD
13 Road Work Sign
The ROAD WORK sign is intended for use- in ad-
vance of maintenance or minor reconstruction operations in the road-
way (fig. 13) . The sign shall be normally placed about 250 ft. in
advance of the section where the road work is under way. This sign
should be mounted on a barricade or a substantial portable support
31
which will not be easily knocked over or blown down, or on a permancjit post if
justified by the nature of the work and duration tion of. the. work, In any case
it shall remain .in place only until the hazard no longer exists. The
letters and border shall be black and the background shall be orange
l reflectorized material
{
ROA D
f 36" X 36" VVOR
t
AHEAD
14. Shoulder Work Sign
( The SHOULDER WORK sign is intended for use in advance
of maintenance or minor reconstruction operations involving the shoulder,
where the traveled way remains unobstructed. This .sign is normally p laced
250 feet in advance of the section where the shoulder work is underway.
The letters and border shall be black and the background shall be orange,
( reflectorized only if used at night.
t
SHOULDER 30" X 30"
WORK
15. '�Ijrvev CrIcu Si„n
l
`glic `'' V*Y C sign is intended for use in
advance of a point whet" is sU--VVY2n `mcw is working in or adjacent
to the roadway. The sityt► � 8a be placed 250 feet in advance of the
1
ii working area 'of, t}lc survey crew. The letsers and border shall be
!r.
black and ti,c background shall he orange.
SURVEY
CREW
30" X 30��
l b , Aavisory Speed Plate
In conjunction with a warning sign, an Advisory
Speed plate may be used to indicate a maximum recommended speed through
the hazardous area. For use with orange constriction and maintenance
signs this plate shall have a black lege"d on an orange background
fand when used with yellow background warning signs shall have a
yellow background.
Except in emergencies , an Advisory Speed plate
( shall not he erected until the recommended speed has been determined
iby the authority in charge of the roadway.
i 17 . Other Construction Warning-Signs-
In addition to the warning signs specifically
related to construction and maintenance operations there are numerous
{ other warning signs, standardized for general use, that .may find
ij application in work areas. When such is the case, these signs be-
{ come construction warning signs and must have a black legend on an
( orange background except the }railroad Advance Warning sign which
j always has a yellow background.
f
t
4
ILLUSTRATIONS OF OTHER CONSTRUCTION WARNING SIGNS :
DIP PAVEMENT SOFT ROUGH
ENDS SHOULDER ROAD
30" X 30'' 30"X 30" 30'X 30"
LOOSE LOW TRUCK
GRAVEL SHOULDER CROSSING
30"X 30' 30'X 30' 30'X 30' 24"X 24"
SLOW
DOWN
ON WET SLOW FALLING 3 5
ROAD ROCK
36"X 36" 30"X 30 30"X 301, 18"X 18"
s
ROCK EARTH q FT41N. SLIDES SLI DES
3F'X36" --
CLEARANCE CLEARANCE 34 30"X 30" 3dX30"
30"X 30" 3d'X 30" 3d`X 3o" 30"X 30"
BUMP STOP YIELD
AHEAD AHEAD
30"X 30" 36"X'36" 3d'X 36" 36"X 36
LANE ENDS RIGHT ROAD
ROAD
MERGE LANE ENDS NARROWS
RIGHT ENDS 8/IoMI.
36"X 36" 30"X 30" 36"X 36" 36"X 36"
NARROW ONE LANE NO
BRIDGE BRIDGE PASSING 48"X 24'.
ZONE
30X 30" 3d x 36 36" X 48"X 48"
�-36'X 36' ` '36 X 36" 30"X30
35
DIVIDED 24"X18" DIVIDED 24"X18' TWO WAY 24"X181 H 1 LL
E. CONSTRUCTION GUIDE SIGNS
I. Function and Design
At most any construction or maintenance project certain
signs will be needed that cannot be classed in either the regulatory
or warning category. Such signs are usually for the purpose of
giving information or guiding traffic through or around the work
area. Therefore, the following informational
signs are required
at construction and maintenance site:
t
a. Standard directional signs and route markings,
to the extent that temporary route changes are necessary.
jb. Special information signs relating to the work
being done. These signs shall have a black message o
g n an orange
background.
2. Detour Arrow Sign
The Detour Arrow Sign is used at a point where a detour
froadway or route has been established due to the closure of a street
or roadway to through traffic. It should normally be mounted on the
same barricade just below the ROAD CLOSED sign or the LOCAL TRAFFIC
ONLY sign. This sign should be used at the beginning of all detours.
The letters and the border outlining the arrow and extending_ to the
1 edge of the sign shall be black and the arrow shall be of orange
reflective material. This sign uses a horizontal arrow pointed to the
right or left as required at each location.
DETOUR
3. Detour Sign
( 48" X 18"
j The Detour Sign is used to indicate points at which
the detour changes direction along the detour, route on an unmarked
street or road but it may not be used in lieu of the Detour Arrow
Sign at the beginning of a detour. The letters , arrow, and border
shall be black and the background shall be of orange reflective
material.
DETOUR
30"X 24'
SECTION V. TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
A. - BARRICADING AND CHANNELIZING DEVICES
1. Function
The functions of barricades and channelizing devices
are to warn and alert drivers of hazards created by construction or
maintenance activities in or near the traveled way, and to guide and
direct drivers safely past the hazards.
In fulfilling these two functions, barricades and
channelizing devices are often required to satisfy two opposing
requirements. For example, a channelization installation should be
constructed in a substantial manner to provide protection for men
working in the roadway. At the same time, however, the channelization
devices should provide a smooth and gradual transition which reduces
the width of the traveled way, and in this case the channelizing
devices should not inflict any severe damage to a vehicle that in-
advertently strikes them.
The objective should be the development of a traffic
control plan which uses a variety of traffic control measures in
whatever combination necessary to assure smooth, safe vehicular
movement past the work area and at the same time provides maximum
37
safety for the equipment and the workmen on the .job.
These devices convey no specific message, though a
barricade may have signs mounted on it. They are intended to impose
an obstacle real or apparent in the normal channel of travel. They
must be highly visible in themselves, but should also be protected
by adequate construction warning signs and devices and by suitable
lighting devices at night.
2. Design of Barricades
Barricades shall be one of three types: Type 1, Type
11 and Type III. The characteristics of these types are shown in
Table V-1 and Figure 3. *
Markings for barricade rails shall be alternate orange
and white stripes (sloping downward at an angle of 45 degrees in
the direction traffic is to pass) .
Type I barricades should consist of a striped upper
horizontal rail mounted on supports at either end and fabricated in
such manner that the rails can be assembled or disassembled to the
supports with ease. The essential element of this feature is to
permit rapid assembly and disassembly of the barricade for movable
* For wooden barricades, nominal lumber dimensions will be satisfactory.
38
TYPE I BARRICADE
VARIABLE
d- TYPE OF
° SUPPORT
rn VARIES
TYPE U BARRICADE TYPE III BARRICADE
3' MIN.
0
N
_ � z
O _
• N �
1 --'- t
6°
N OTE:
Mocking shall be
FOR DIMENSIONS orange 9, white
NOT SHOWN SEE
TABLE MI-2
TABLE VI-1 BARRICADE CHARACTERISTICS
TYPE
Width of Rail 8'min-12°max. 8"m in.-12max, 8"min- 12°max.
Length of Rail 6'-8' 3'min - 4'max. 3'min.-variable
max.
Width of Stripes 6" 6" 6
Height aft. min. 3ft.min. 5ft. min.
Type of Frame Demountable or Light A Frame Post or Skids
Heavy A Frame
Flexibility Essentially Portable Essentially
Movable Permanent
STANDARD BARRICADES
Fig. 3
38B
TYPE I BARRICADE CONSTRUCTION
6'-0° Min.
8 -0 Max.
FLASHERS
La SIGN
MOUNT I NG
�O
ih
ELEVATION
2"X4°
-�8
2"X 6
211 x 4 11
12
STAND
ASSEMBLY
l�
Fig. 4
39
situations. This type barricade is intended for use on construction
or maintenance work of temporary duration. It should also be reflect-
prized if used at night.
The ROAD CLOSED, ROAD CLOSED TO THRU TRAFFIC, DETOUR WITH
ARROW INSIDE AND DETOUR WITH ARROW OUTSIDE signs can be effectively mounted
on this type of barricade. s"
/5%4 ^
STREET CLOSED
TO
TMRU TRAFFIC
'a
I
in
Type II barricade should consist of an upper and lower
configuration, hinged or otherwise fastened at the top to permit con-
venient folding or stacking for transporting from one work site to
another. Since portability is a prime consideration, the materials
chosen for the barricades should be light as possible commensurate with
structural soundness. This type of barricade is intended for use on
minor construction or maintenance work where the area is quire confining
and of a temporary nature. It can be used in conjunction with a yellow
flashing or steady burning light.
Type III barricade should consist of three striped horizontal
rails and assembled as a panel for mounting to posts or skids. Since
Type III barricades are somewhat permanent in nature and are required to
function in one location for a relatively long time, they should be sub-
stantially constructed. When the barricades are constructed on bases or
skids instead of posts set into the ground, it may be desirable to ballast
the bases with sandbags to provide added resistance to overturning during
periods of high winds.
40
All barricades used at night shall be effectively
reflectorized. The stripes on all barricades shall be reflector-
ized. Yellow battery flashers should be used at night on the
three types of barricades.
3. Barricade Construction
Depending on the nature of the requirements, barricades
may be fixed or movable. For fixed barricades the horizontal rails
are mounted on posts set firmly in the ground. Fixed barricades
are justified only for major construction or reconstruction work,
particularly where local drivers have shown a propensity for evading
movable barricades by shifting them to one side. They are also
necessary on rough ground or sloping shoulder where movable barri-
cades will not stay in place.
Movable barricades are appropriate where the construction
or maintenance operations are of short duration, or are progressively
shifted along a roadway. The design of movable mountings must be
such as to resist overturning by ordinary strong winds or by chance
contact with vehicles.
Typical examples of barricade construction are shown
in Figures 4 and 6 on Pages 39 and 44, respectively.
The horizontal members of Type I barricades shall be
8 to 12 inches wide. The supports for the rail may be fabricated
of lumber, metal or other suitable material, properly shaped. In
either case the support should contain the prescribed height, a notch
or loop into which the horizontal members may be inserted. The
essential element of this feature is to permit rapid assembly and
disassembly of the barricade for movable situations. This barricade
is normally used in 6 to 8 foot lengths.
41
Type II barricades may be constructed of wood, metal
or other components ,or combinations thereof. The supports should
be of an "A" frame configuration or hinged or otherwise .fastened
at the top to permit convenient folding and stacking for transporting
from one work site to another. Since portability is a prime consider-
ation, the materials chosen for the barricades should be as light
weight as possible commensurate with structural soundness. Irre-
spective of the materials used for constructing Type II barricades,
they have a relatively high center of gravity and are, therefore,
susceptible to overturning in the wind. Sandbags should be used
for ballasting when required.
Since Type III barricades are somewhat permanent in
nature and are required to function in one location for a relatively
long time, they should be substantially constructed. When the
barricades are constructed on bases instead of posts set into the
ground, it may be desirable to ballast the bases with sandbags to
provide added resistance to overturning during periods of high winds.
4. Barricade Application
On construction projects, when a road section is
closed to traffic, Type III barricades shall be erected at the
points of closure. They may extend completely across a roadway
and its shoulders (as a fence) or from curb to curb. Where pro-
vision must be made for access of equipment and authorized ve-
hicles, the Type III barricades should be provided with gates or
movable sections that can be closed when work is not in progress,
or with indirect openings that will discourage public entry.
Where access is provided through the Type III barricades, responsi-
bility should be assigned to a person to assure proper closure at
42
the end of each working day.
When a road or street is legally closed, but access
must still be allowed for local traffic, the Type III barricade
cannot be erected completely across a roadway. Instead, an arrange-
ment should be devised that will permit local use but effectively
discourage use by through traffic. A sign with the appropriate
. legend concerning permissible use by local traffic should be
installed.
Applications of this principle are illustrated in
Fig. S. p. 43c.
Type I or Type II barricades shall be used when traffic
is maintained through the area being constructed and/or reconstructed.
The important characteristic of these barricades is that each is
movable, and they may be used interchangeably. In general, Type I
barricades are the heavier and more bulky of the two, but these
factors are dependent in large part on the materials from which
each type is constructed.
The ultimate choice in a given situation would probably
be dependent upon the degree of mobility required in the particular
project. It should be kept in mind, however, that Type I and II
barricades, although movable, are somewhat clumsy and are not as
adaptable to changeable situations as traffic cones.
Where maintenance activities are being performed, a
street or roadway condition is seldom of a character that will re-
quire a complete closing of the facility. When such a condition
does occur, it is almost always an emergency situation, as would
result from a broken water main or a washed-out culvert, for
43
EXAMPLES OF STREET BARRICADING
(A.) COMPLETE ROADWAY CLOSED
D u RN ROAD a
CLOSED
( TYPE I BARRICADE USED TO COMPLETLY CLOSE STREET )
(B.) CLOSED TO THRU TRAFFIC( Local Only) :
APPROX. 10`
STREET CLOSED
TO
THRU TRAFFIC
DETOUR
a
( TYPE I BARRICADE USED TO CLOSE STREET EXCEPT TO LOCAL TRAFFIC)
(C.) PERMANENT BARRICADE :
I(1S
W
i
. 111
Fig. 5
PERMANENT BARRICADE FOR COMPLETLY BLOCKING STREET
43C
FIXED
I ! . II .
� II II
I_i I_I LI
MOVABLE
RIGID
SANDBAGS FOR
_/ADDED STABILITY
DEMOUNTABLE
HINGED
TYPE III BARRICADE CONSTRUCTION ',(TYPICAL EXAMPLE )
Fig. 6
44
example. Repair work is generally initiated on an emergency basis
and the street or road closing generally is of a kind wherein Type
I or Type II is utilized.
S. Cone Design & Application
Included in this heading is a group of devices
whose primary function is the channelization of traffic. They may
be conical in shape but there are also tubular shaped devices
capable of performing the same function.
Traffic cones and tubular markers of various con-
figurations shall be a minimum of 18 inches in height with a
broadened base and may be made of various materials to withstand
impact without damage to themselves or to vehicles. Larger size
cones should be used where speeds are relatively high or wherever
more conspicuous guidance is needed. Orange shall be the predomi-
nant color on cones. They should be kept clean and bright for
maximum target value. For nighttime use they shall be reflectorized
or equipped with lighting devices for maximum visibility.
Cones are often a useful adjunct to standard barri-
cades. They are especially useful during such temporary activities
as pavement marking or tree trimming, activities where the protability
of cones is a great advantage. In series, cones can mark the outer
limit of a travelable roadway adjacent to a ditch or an unfinished
shoulder. Single cones can mark projecting manholes in a roadway
under construction. When cones are used, precautions are necessary
to assure they will not be blown over or displaced. This may be
particularly critical adjacent to lanes of moving traffic where
there may be a wind created by passing vehicles. Because cones
45
can be easily moved or knocked down, they should be used only
where there is sufficient supervision to see they remain properly
in place.
c
E CONES E
_E
m _C0
In general, traffic cones have a greater target
value than do the tubular shaped devices. However, the target
value of either device may be enhanced at night by use of internal
lights. Particularly on rural highways and roads, cones and barri-
cades should never be placed in the roadway without advance warning
signs.
6. Drum Design & Application
Barrels or drums are an effective traffic control
device, particuarly for use in construction areas. One effective
application is to delineate an unusual vehicle path made necessary
by the construction activity. Another effective application occurs
on road widening projects where a row of barrels is used at night
to mark the edge of pavement and channelize traffic away from an
open trench alongside the pavement. During working hours the same
barrels are moved onto the pavement to provide working room for
the construction activity and smoothly channelize traffic around
the work area.
Barrels or drums are bulky and not readily trans-
portable, but they are highly visible and have good target value.
They give the appearance of being formidable obstacles and, there-
fore, command the respect of drivers, yet they do not inflict undue
damage to a vehicle in the event they are struck. Finally, the
barrels are portable enough to be shifted from place to place within
a construction project in order to accommodate changing conditions
as construction progresses. Barrels should not be weighted with
sand, water or any material to the extent that would make them
hazardous to motorists. As an effective channelizing method,
barrels or drums may be used to support conventional guardrail
sections.
For routine maintenance activities, barrels or
drums are seldom used because of their bulk and relative lack of
portability. Where maintenance forces undertake work such as
pavement replacement, however, barrels or drums may be included
among the traffic control devices used. Their application should
be as described above for construction projects.
55 GAL.
The drums are to
30 GAL
be predominately
orange,but a
minimun of 2 white
stripes per drum
4°-6 is required.
ORANGE
Drums are normally metal drums, of 30 to 55 gallon
capacity, set on end and used as an expedient method for traffic
channelization. The color and marking of drums shall be consistent
with marking standards for barricades, orange and white or black
and white. These colors shall not be intermixed in the same area.
The predominant color on drums shall be black or orange with at
least two horizontal, circumferential white stripes 4 to 6 inches
wide. Drums shall be reflectorized for use at night and should
never be placed in the roadway without advance warning signs .
47
In addition, a flashing warning light should be added when drums
are used singly, and steady warning lights when they are used in
a series for channelization.
7. Vertical Panel Design & Application
Vertical panels used as channelizing devices shall
consist of at least one panel 6 to 8 inches in width and 36 inches
in height. They shall be striped and reflectorized in the same
manner as barricades and mounted with the top a minimum of 48 inches
above the roadway on a single lightweight post. The optional orange
and white or black and white design shall not be intermixed in the
same area. These devices may be used for traffic separation or
shoulder barricading where space is at a minimum.
When used for traffic separation, they shall be used with steady
s"—e.,
45°
warning lights .
s"
s"
36'
8. Delineator Application
As used herein, delineators mean all types of
reflector units that are capable of reflecting light from either
the upper or lower beam of automobile headlamps. Their usefulness
in construction and maintenance zones is one of guidance rather
than one of warning. Delineators properly installed will indicate
the horizontal and vertical alignment of the roadway and thereby
outline the required vehicle path through what otherwise might be
a confusing alignment caused by construction or maintenance activities
in the roadway. Delineators shall- be spaced sufficiently close to
48
clearly outline the intended vehicle path during hours of darkness.
Delineator applications in construction or mainten-
ance areas would almost always be made in combination with some of
the other traffic control devices discussed in the preceding paragraphs.
9. Pavement Markings Application
When construction work necessitates the utilization
of vehicle paths other than the lanes normally used (as indicated
by existing pavement markings) , daytime and nighttime drive-through
checks should be made to evaluate the path (and the possibility that
the pavement markings will inadvertently lead drivers into barricades
and/or work sites) . Where necessary these markings should be removed.
Where stage construction requires changes in barri-
cades or channelization, similar day-night checks and evaluations
of the existing pavement marking should accompany each change.
When a temporary roadway is constructed to bypass
a closed portion of roadway, appropriate reflectorized pavement
markings shall be placed on the approach to, and throughout the
length of, the temporary roadway.. At locations where the duration of
the temporary roadway is relatively short, pavement markings con-
sisting of reflectorized paint lines may not be practical due to
the time required and expense involved in their removal .
Under the above conditions, adequate short-term
expendable pavement markings can be provided by use of pressure
sensitive traffic marking tape or raised pavement markers . Either
of these types of devices can be applied simply and quickly and
can be removed with little or no difficulty when changing traffic
patterns make the installation obsolete.
49
Temporary pavement markings shall be used in com-
bination with appropriate warning signs, channelizing devices and
delineation to clearly indicate the required vehicle paths.
Where maintenance activities are being performed,
the use of pavement markings generally has little application.
Maintenance work performed on the roadway is usually accomplished
during normal daytime working hours with the work site being pro-
tected by an adequate complement of warning signs and channelizing
devices to indicate the proper vehicle path. However, on longtime
maintenance jobs, such as the removal and replacement of a portion
of a bridge deck, the existing pavement marking may be a significant
item to be considered in the traffic control plan to be employed.
The application of pavement markings should then be as discussed
above for construction projects.
10. Channelization
The real test concerning adequate length of taper
is the operation of vehicles through the transition. It should be
long enough so that drivers of vehicles approaching side by side
have sufficient length in which to adjust their respective speeds
and merge into a single lane before the end of the transition.
A brief period of observing driver performance will generally pro-
vide some clear indications of the adequacy of the taper length.
For example, if severe brake applications are observed, an increased
taper length is indicated.
The single most important element within the system
of traffic control devices commonly used in construction or mainten-
ance areas (where a reduction in pavement width is involved) is the
50
taper that is provided for the channelization. An inadequate taper
will almost always produce undesirable traffic operations with re-
sulting congestion and possibly accidents through the area.
A minimum desirable taper rate expressed as length
in feet per foot of offset and numerically equal to the 85 percentile
speed is essential for smooth traffic operations. For example, if
a lane is to be closed on a roadway with an existing 60 MPH 85 per-
centile speed, the channelization to accomplish the transition
should be placed on a 60:1 taper.
The minimum desirable length derived from the rate
indicated above applies to roadway conditions of relatively flat
grades and straight alignment. Adjustments may become necessary
to provide adequate sight distance on the approach to the channeliza-
tion. Similarly, the proximity of crossroads, etc. to the work
site may dictate the need for adjustments. In general, better
traffic operations will result when the adjustments consist of
increasing the length of the taper rather than reducing the length
(below the minimum desirable recommended above) .
On construction projects, channelization often re-
mains in the same place for long periods of time. During such a
long interval, some of the elements; cones, barricades, barrels,
etc. shift out of their original alignment due to being struck,
moved due to construction activities, etc. It is necessary, there-
fore, to patrol the channelization at regular intervals to assure
its proper functioning as a traffic control device. Replacement
or shifting of the elements into the original alignment can best
be done if the original positions of the elements had been indicated
on the pavement by paint marks. This technique assures good
51
alignment and proper vehicle performance over a long period of time
with minimum expenditure of men and materials in maintaining the
channelization.
Sometimes during maintenance operations, work at
one site will extend over several days, thereby requiring that
channelization be set up each morning and removed each evening.
Under these circumstances, the locations of the cones, barrels,
etc. , should be marked at the time of the original set-up to
facilitate the rapid, orderly resetting of the devices on each
succeeding day. When used, the flashing beacon should operate
24 hours a day.
On construction projects, because of the time and
effort required to install and put these units into operation, they
are used, generally, only at locations where frequent changes would
not be required.
Hazard Identification Beacons may be operated
singly or in groups containing more than one Unit.
During normal daytime maintenance operations, the
functions of flashing beacons are adequately provided for by the
lighting equipment on maintenance vehicles, either the emergency
flashers, the rotating dome light, or both. However, at locations
where the daytime maintenance activity requires an obstruction to
remain in the roadway at night, flashing beacons may be installed
at the point of hazard. At locations where vandalism is no prob-
lem, the power may be provided by a portable electric generator.
52
B-CONTRUCTION LIGHTING
( 1) Hazard Warning Lighting
At night , when clarity and distance of vision are sharply
curtailed , adequate artifical lighting is needed to call at-
tention to and to indicate the actual location of obstructions
and hazards . Recognition of reflectorized barricades and chan-
nelizing devices occurs only at limited distances and also
depends on the adequacy of approaching vechicles headlamps .
Therefore , other lights sources include floodlights , steady
burning electric lamps , barricades warning lights , special
lighting units , hazard identification beacon.s , and torches
and lanterns .
( 2) Floodlights
On construction projects , floodlights have a limited but
important application . Sometimes , large construction con-
tracts are prosecuted on a double shift basis , particularly
earth moving activities . Oftentimes , - the earth moving in-
volves a haul road crossing a public highway , at which point
a flagman station is generally set up . In order to assure
the safest possible conditions at this type of location , it is
advisable to supplement the warning devices (use in advance
of the crossing) with floodlighting of the flagman station
and the crossing site . This to be done without creating
glare in the eyes of drivers on the ighway . This can be
assured by driving through and observing the floodlighted area
from each direction on the highway .
(3) Steady Burning Lamps
As used herein , steady burning electric lamps shall mean
a series of low wattage yellow electric lamps . They may be
used to mark obstructions or hazards , but they are generally
less effective than flashing lights for these uses because of
the attention getting effect of the latter . However, where
lights are needed to delinate the traveled way through and
around obstruction in a construction or maintenance area, the
delineation shall be accomplished by use of steady burning
lamps .
The application of these devices during maintenance activi-
ties is infrequent due to the generally short time nature of
maintenance work .
53
(4) Hazard Identification Beacons (Flashing Electric Li hts)
A hazard identification beacon is a flashing yellow signal
light (minimum diameter 811) used at points of special hazard
as a means of calling drivers ' attention to the locations.
When used , the flashing beacon should operate 24 hours a day.
On construction projects , because of the time and effort
required to install and put these units into operation, .they
are used generally, only at locations where frequent changes
would not be required. Hazard identification beacons may be .
operated singly or in groups containing more than one unit.
Duri-hg normal daytime maintenance operation, the functions
of flashing beacons are adequately provided for by the light-
ing equipment on maintenance vehicles , with the emergency'
locations where the daytime maintenance activity requires an
obstruction to remain in the roadway at night. Portable
electric generators may be used where vandalism is no prob-
lem.
Low Int s YPe 7Fe �.
en ity High Intensity Steady Duna.
Lens Directional Faces 1 or 2 1 1 or 2
Flash Rate r Miaute 55 to 75 55 to 75 Constant
Flash Duration lo'z 8% Constant
lnimt= Effective
k Intensit 2 4.0 Candela 35 Candelas
nimtua Beau Candle
Fower2
Hours of operation 2 Candles
? Dusk to Dawn 24 hrs%day Dusk to Da
Length of time that instantaneous
than effective intensity.. intensity is equal to or greater
ZThese values was be maintained with a solid angle So on eaeh 'side
of the vertical axis, and 50 above and 50 below the horizontal axis. f
`.
54
S. Barricade Warning Lights
As used herein, Barricade Warning Lights are port-
able, lens directed, enclosed lights. The color of the light
emitted shall be yellow. They may be used in either a steady burn
or flashing mode. Barricade warning lights shall be in accordance
with the requirements of ITE Standard for Flashing and Steady Burn
Barricade Warning Lights (1971) .
Type "A" Low Intensity Flashing Warning Lights are
most commonly mounted on Type I or Type II 'barricades, or on vertical
channelizing devices, and are intended to continually warn the driver
that he is proceeding in a hazardous area.
Type "B" High Intensity Flashing Lights are normally
mounted on the advance warning signs or on independent supports. Ex-
tremely hazardous site conditions within the construction area may
require that the lights be mounted on Type I barricades, signs, or
other supports. As these lights are effective in daylight as well
as dark, they are designed to operate 24 hours per day.
Type "C" Steady Burn lights are intended to be used
to delineate the edge of the traveled way on detour curves, on lane
changes, on lane closures and on other similar conditions. Their
application shall be as indicated in Section B-3.
The lightweight and portability of barricade warn-
ing lights are advantages that make these devices useful as supple-
ments to the reflectorization on hazard warning devices. The
flashing lights are effective in attracting a driver's attention
and, therefore, provide an excellent means of identifying the
hazard. Flashers shall not be used for delineation as a series
of flashers would tend to obscure the desired vehicle path.
cC
Barricade warning lights shall be installed to a
minimum mounting height of 36 inches to the bottom of the lens.
6. Special Lighting Units
Special lighting units, generally trailer-mounted
for easy transport to a job site, have been developed to supplement
conventional signs, pavement markings and lighting for maintenance
activities. The flashing lights on the unit are operated from a
self-contained power source mounted on the trailer, either batteries
or an electric generator. A variety of light configurations are
used for traffic warning and guidance. Most units are designed
with racks, channels or other devices so that signs may be dis-
played with messages appropriate to the particular kind of work
being performed.
These special lighting units are used most fre-
quently on high density urban freeways and are placed just in
advance of the work site. The flashing lights, together with
appropriate signs, have proven to be very effective warning de-
vices while also providing some physical protection to the mainten-
ance men at work.
Although these special lighting units were de-
veloped to satisfy a need on urban freeways, they have many appli-
cations on all types of roadways. Their mobility, together with
the availability of flashing lights and/or a variety of sign
messages makes them useful for almost any situation where con-
ditions require extraordinary advance warning of the maintenance
activities. If the units are to be used at night, consideration
should be given to providing a means whereby the intensity of
the flashers may be reduced during darkness when the lower
intensities are desirable.
7. Lanterns or Torches
As used in this Manual, lanterns and torches are-
single-unit, portable, constant-burning, low-intensity types of
lights with open or enclosed flame. They provide negligible illu-
mination of other objects and are not altogether dependable under
adverse weather conditions such as high wind or heavy rain. Further-
more, the flammable fuel used in the lanterns or torches may be
hazardous to life and property and their use, therefore, is not
recommended, except in the special circumstances described below.
Open flame torches may have an application in
rural areas where under nighttime conditions they might be the
only device available to a maintenance man to put into immediate
use in the event of an emergency. However, even under these
conditions, the torches should be replaced as quickly as possible
with more effective devices that have been discussed in the pre-
vious sections.
C. TRAFFIC CONTROL THROUGH CONSTRUCTION AREAS
1. Function
The primary function of traffic control procedures
is to move traffic safely expeditiously through or around work
areas.
The control of traffic through work areas is an
essential part of street construction and maintenance operations.
For these operations there must be adequate legislative authority
for the implementation and enforcement of needed traffic regulations,
parking controls and speed zoning. Such ordinances must provide
sufficient flexibility in the application of traffic control to
meet the needs of the changing conditions in work areas.
SZ
Maintaining good public relations is necessary.
The cooperation of the various news media in publicizing the
existence of and reasons for work sites, therefore can be of
great assistance in keeping the motoring public well informed.
2. Hand Signaling Devices
A number of hand signaling devices, such as red
flags, STOP/SLOW paddles and lights are used in controlling traf-
fic through work areas. The flag is the most common device used
during the daylight hours. The sign paddle bearing the clear
message STOP or SLOW also may be used.
Flags used for signaling purposes shall be a mini-
mum of 24 x 24 inches in size, made of a good grade of red material
securely fastened to a staff approximately 3 feet in length. The
free edge should be weighted to insure that the flag will hang
vertically, even in heavy winds.
Sign paddles shall be at least 24 inches wide, with
6-inch series C letters. A rigid handle should be provided. This
combination sign may be fabricated from sheet metal or other light
semi-rigid material. The background of the STOP face shall be red
with white letters and border. The background of the SLOW face
shall be orange with black letters and border. When used at night,
the STOP face shall be reflectorized red with white reflectorized
letters and border, and the SLOW face shall be reflectorized orange
with black letters and border.
3. Flagpersons
Since flagpersons are responsible for human safety
and make the greatest number of public contracts of all construction
58
' :
:F
,
l
VESTS:
Flagmen when on duty shall wear orange
Colored safety vests as an outer garment. The vest shall
be so made as to be adjustable in the side to fit prop.
erly. All apparel shall be of a next appearance. In
emergencies and during inclement weather the attire
may be altered as approved by the Engineer.
HELMET OR CAP:
k
T. The use of o white helmet or oro
3 v 3 e nge Cop is desirotle.
, a
FLAG
FLAG
SIZE: 24"x 24%32"•to 36"sto",rust proof dioyonal stays.
MATERIAL: Vinyl bonded to nylon fabric material.
COLOR: Red
STOP AND SLOW SIGNS
STOP and SLOW—TWO SIDED SIGN
SIZE: 24"x 24
MATERIAL: Sign,Aluminum.081 plate,or other corn.
�f parable light weight material. Staff, 9"
minimum length thinwall conduit tub•
ing, or other comparable tight weight
material.
COLOR: STOP sign,red field,white letters and border;
black corners. SLOW sign; orange field,block
letters and border.
LETTERS: 6" Series C.
Fig. �.
Flagperson Equipment
a
-5811.-
personnel, it is important that qualified personnel be selected.
A flagperson is recommended to possess the following minimum
qualifications :
(1) Average intelligence;
(2) Good physical condition, including sight
and hearing;
(3) Mental alertness;
(4) Courteous but firm manner;
(5) Neat appearance;
(6) Sense of responsibility for safety of
public and crew.
Flagpersons are provided at work sites to stop
traffic intermittently as necessitated by work progress or to
maintain continuous traffic past a work site at reduced speeds
to help protect the work crew. For both of these functions the
flagperson must, at all times, be clearly visible to approaching
traffic for a distance sufficient to permit proper response by the
motorist to the flagging instructions, and to permit traffic to
reduce speed before entering the work site. In positioning flag-
persons, consideration must be given to maintaining color Contrast
between the flagperson's protective garments and his background.
4. Flagperson's Attire
Flagpersons when on duty shall wear an orange,
fluorescent safety vest as. an outer garment. The vest shall be
so made as to be adjustable to fit properly. For nighttime con-
ditions similar outside garments or belting shall be reflectorized.
All flagperson apparel shall be of .a neat appearance. The use of
a white helmet or orange cap is strongly recommended. In addition,
at night, flagperson's stations should be adequately illuminated
59
1
` to attract attention. Vests and caps fabricated from materials utilizing
fluorescent red-orange or yellow-orange colors are acceptable for use
where the orange color is specified.
5. Flagging Procedure
The following methods of signaling with a flag shall
be used:
(1) TO STOP TRAFFIC. The flagperson shall face traffic
and extend the flag horizontally across the traffic lane in a stationary
position so that the full area of the flag is visible hanging below the
staff, or hold the stop paddle in a vertical position at arms' length.
For greater emphasis, the free arm may be raised with the palm toward
approaching traffic.
(2) WHEN IT IS SAFE FOR TRAFFIC TO PROCEED. The
flagperson shall stand parallel to the traffic movement and motion with
his free arm. Flags shall not be used to signal traffic to proceed.
(3) TO SLOW TRAFFIC. The flagperson shall give the
stop signal and then change the signal to proceed before the driver comes
to a stop. To slow traffic with the paddle, the flagperson shall stand
t facing traffic with the sign held in a vertical position at arms' length.
The free arm shall not be raised.
(4) WHERE IT IS DESIRED TO ALERT TRAFFIC. By means
of fla gg in g, the fla gp erson shall fac e traffic and wave the flag In a
sweeping motion of the arm across the front of the body without raising
the arm above a horizontal position.
If a sign paddle is used, it shall be held in a
stationary position with the arm extended horizontally away from the .
body. The use of the flag and sign paddle are illustrated_in fig. 8.
Lights approved by the appropriate highway authority
or reflectorized sign paddles or reflectorized flags shall be used to
t
FLAG PADDLE
TO STOP TRAFFIC
t
TRAFFIC PROCEED
M
0
TO SLOW TRAFFIC
1
�0 TO ALERT TRAFFIC
FIG. 8
USE OF HAND SIGNALING DEVICES BY
FLAGPERSONS
—
an
flag traffic at night. Daytime flagging procedures shall be followed
whenever such lights, paddles or flags are used at night.
4
I'Vitenevrl- practicable , the fla<�person should ad-
vise zhe ifuo:+)ri st of the reason for the delay and the approximate
;�erio' that traffic will be halted. Flagpersons and operators of
const;iictio- machinery or trucks should be made to understand that
every reasonable effort must be made to allow the driving public '
the right-of-way and prevent excessive delays.
6. Flagperson Stations
( Flagperson station:, sh= :1 )e located far enough
in advance of the. work site so that approaching traffic will
have suff:ic:ant distance to reduce speed before entering the
` project. This distance is related to approach speed and physical
t - conditions at the site; however, 200 to 300 feet is desirable.
( In urban areas when speeds are low and streets closely spaced,
{ the distance necessarily dust be decreased.
The flag person should stand either on the .
shoulder adjacent to the traffic he is controlling or in the
barricaded ianc. At a "spot" obstruction he may have to stand
on the shoulder opposite the barricaded section to operate
effectively. Under no circumstance shall he/she stand in
the lane being used by moving traffic. Ile/She shall oe clearly
visible to r)i)roaching traffic at all times. , For this reason
he/sha shall sand alone, never permitting a group of workmen
to congregat- around him. Ile/S;,- sr.: t ', ' ;-e stationed sufficiently
in advance o the work force to warn them of approaching danger,
such as out-:)` vehicles.
61
Flaperson stations shall :-e adecivately protected
and preceded by proper advance warrniiig si;ons. At night, flag-
person stati :ms s`iouid he adequately illuninated.
7. Coordinating One•-Way 'Traffic Movements
WtLer traffic in both directions must, for a limited
distance, use a single iane,. provisi.on should be made for alternate
one-way movement to pass traffic through the constricted section.
At .a "spot" obstruction, such as an isolated pavement patch, the
movement max, be self-regulating. However, where the one-lane
section is 'ol any length, there should be some means of coordi-
nating moveaa..ents at each end so that vehicles are not simultaneous
ly moving in opposite directions in the section and so that delays
are not excessive at either end. Control points at each end of
the route should be chosen so as to hermit easy passing of opposing
lines of vehicles.
Alternate one-way traffic control may be effected by
the followinc, means:
(1) Flagman control ;
(2) Flag-carrying or official car;
(3) Pilot car;
(4) 'Traffic signals.
8. Flag person Control of One-Way Traffic
Where the one-lane section is short enough so that
each end is visible from other end, traffic may be controlled by
means of a flagperson at each end of the section. One of the two
should be designated as the chief flagperson for purposes of
1
{
!
62
coordinating movement. They should be able to communicate with
each other verbally or by means of signals. These signals should
not be such as to be mistaken for flagging signals.
Where the end of a one-lane section is not visible
from the other end, the flagpersons may maintain contact by means
of radio or field telephones. So that a flagperson may know when
to allow traffic to proceed into the section, the last vehicle
from the opposite direction can be identified by description or
license.
Fa3
TYPICAL DETOUR SIGNING
BARRICADE APPLICATIONS
This section covers by illustration, the use of the Traffic Control
Devices described and illustrated in the previous sections. It is
impossible to present every situation that may be encountered in
the field, thus these examples are mainly to illustrate the principles
to be employed in providing the most effective portectiori to workmen,
equipment, and the general public.
As shown by the illustrations, many types of advance warning
signs, barricades, and cones are used. Some of the illustrations
have required distances for placement of these devices while
others do not. The table and graph that follow can be used to find
these distances. The distance for the spacing between traffic cones
is usually equal to the posted speed limit,with a maximum of. 10 ft.
in areas where the limit is 15 mph. or less. Once these distances
have been obtained the Traffic Control Devices can be placed.
?able A - Spacing For Initial Warning Signs
And Cones
Traffic Initial cone
Speed Sign Spacing-
h Distance ft ft.,
15 or below 50 - 90 10
25 90 - 150. 20 .-, 25
35 150 - 240 30 - 40
45 . 240 - 360 40 50
55 360 - 550 50. 60 j
65 or above 550 850 60 - 75
64
If for any reason any section, paragraph, subdivision, clause,
phrase, word or provision of this ordinance shall be held invalid
or unconstitutional by final judgement of a court of competent
jurisdiction, it shall not affect any other section, paragragh,
subdivision, clause, phrase, word, or provision of this ordinance,
for it is the definite intent of this City Council that every
section, paragraph, subdivision, clause, phrase, word, or provision
hereof be given full force and effect for its purpose.
Publication shall be made one time in the official publication
of the City of Beaumont by publishing the caption of this
ordinance, stating in substance the purpose of the ordinance.
65
900
Goo
700
GO0
e
508
i=
U.
E
400
6
y
1
300
G�
'G.g.
200 100"
Or
x
100
SPE D ( ph )
10 25 40 55 70
FIG. a Placement of initial Warning Signs
SIGNS USED IN DETOUR SYSTEM
STREET DETOUR
CLOSED
1000 IF 500 FT.
O
DETOUR
S.TREET
CLOSED
AHEAD ® Q
0
STREET
CLOSED
END
CONSTRUCTION
=DETOUR
3
A a B
O
Fig. 10
67
DETOUR SIGNING IN A GRID SYSTEM
Fig. 11
0
® 15
B
O - TYPE I
BARRICADES
"T -WARNING &
GUIDE SIGNS
WARNING AND GUIDE SIGNS IN A
OPPOSITE DIRECTION FOLLOW
THE SAME SEQUENCE
1Q
1
68
WARNING SIGN SEQUENCE
IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION
SAME AS BELOW /
0
\p0 O
• / o°
x 44
+ \\�
i TRAFFIC CONES
�- . -:
TYPE I BARRICADES END
FLAGMAN / + .'y� CONSTRUCTION
•
o
o0
u') o
0
o /
0
° FLAGMAN
AHEAD
C o
0
ONE LANE
ROAD
Fig. 12 I o AHEAD
0
ROAD
CONSTRUCTION
AHEAD
TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES ON 2 -LANE
HIGHWAY WHEN ONE LANE IS CLOSED.
69
ONE LANE
ROAD
AHEAD
FLAGMAN /
AHEAD /
TRAFFIC CONES /
FLAGPERSON
TRAFFIC CONTROL
T SIGNS
x..X�-X
TRUCK OR BARRICADE WITH
ZORANGE FLAGS OR WARNING
�I. LIGHTS.
Fig. 13
I FLAGMAN
• AHEAD
I �
IONE LANE
ROAD
I AHEAD
1
MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS OF I
SHORT DURATION ON A ONE LANE ROADWAY.
JL
70
L
TRAFFIC CONES END
-�- SIGNS CONSTRUCTION
TYPE III BARRICADE
X . X ._X
ROAD
CLOSED
- _ - • . . • . DETOUR
DETOUR
AHEAD
1
ROAD
CONSTRUCTION
Fig. 14 "L AHEAD
TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES ON TWO LANE
HIGHWAY WHERE THE ENTIRE ROADWAY IS
CLOSED. l
71
• 1
•
• END
CONSTRUCTION
•
SEQUENCE IN OPPOSITE
DIRECTION SAME AS BELOW
EXCEPT FOR 3rd. SIGN. F'—1
•
•
•
• TRAFFIC C )
ONES
TYPE I OR I I BAR-
RICADE. .l
.L
�...�i TWO WAY I .
�.._� TRAFFIC
•
• ~� /3rd. SIGN
Fig. 15 • �i
ROAD ~�
CONSTRUCTION
AHEAD
RIGHT LANE
CLOSED
1 AHEAD
FOUR LANE UNDIVIDED ROADWAY
WHERE HALF THE ROADWAY IS CLOSED I
72
ROAD CONSTRUCTION AHEAD SIGNS
END
/ CONSTRUCTION
1
• TRAFFIC CONE
`----jTYPE II BARRICADE
F------=7YPE =BARRICADE F-4
F---4
•
1
X�� x X
1
x
JL
•
TEMPOARY YELLOW •
STRIPPING
Fig. 16 RIGHT LANE
CLOSED
1
H
H
ROAD
CONSTRUCTION
AHEAD
FOUR LANE DIVIDED ROADWAY
WHERE ONE ROADWAY IS
CLOSED.
73
CLOSING MULTIPLE LANES OF A MULTILANE HIGHWAY,
END
I ROAD WORK
- CONES
TYPE I BARRICADE JC.:
-1 1
F--I
Fig. 17
RIGHT LANE
CLOSED
AHEAD
ROAD
WORK 1
J..
AHEAD
1 1
74
FOUR LANE DIVIDED ROADWAY WHERE HALF OF ROADWAY IS CLOSED.
1
END
ROAD WORK
CONES
...-.� TYPE I BARRICADE
� X X
XX�
1 l
Fig. 18
1. .L
RIGHT LANE
ROAD CLOSED
WORK AHEAD
AHEAD 1 .L
75
i
MEN I
WORKING
• TRAFFIC CONE
�-� TYPE 1! BARRICADES
1
t
I
I.
I
•
Fig. 19 RIGHT LANE
CLOSED
AHEAD
I
l
i
I 1
I
MEN
IWORKING
I1
CONSTRUCTION IN MID BLOCK - IN CURB LANE
76
i
MEN I
WORKING I
TRAFFIC CONE
TYPE II BARRICADE
� I
� t .
I
x.,S<I
t
LEFT LANE
I S CLOSED
Fig. 20 AHEAD
I
1
I
MEN
` f WORKING
IJL
I
CONSTRUCTION IN MIDBLOCK IN
CENTER LANE.
77
CONSTRUCTION AT NEAR SIDE OF INTERSECTION
CONSTRUCTION
SEND CONSTRUCTION AHEAD
SINGLE LANE AHEAD
KEEP RIGHT
NO LEFT TURN
I- CONSTRUCTION
AHEAD . TRAFFIC CONES END
CONSTRUCTION
H
- TYPE I or II BARRICADES
TEMP. NO PARKING
)- -TRAFFIC SIGN
CONSTRUCTION AT FAR SIDE OF INTERSECTION
CONSTRUCTION
END AHEAD
CONSTRUCTION
;
`SINGLE LANE AHEAD NO LEFT TURN
'�'♦ KEEP GHT • -s
.CONSTRUCTION
AHEAD END
0_TRAFFIC CONES CONSTRUCTION
Fig. 21
f—I TYPE I or If BARRICADES
�- TRAFFIC SIGN
78
CONSTRUCTION BLOCKING ONE-HALF OF TWO-LANE STREET
EN D
_ONSTRUCTION , CONSTRUCTION
AHEAD
Al
4t
f
CONSTRUCTION END ,I r
AHEAD • TRAFFIC CONES CONSTRUCTION
ONE LANE ROAD TYPE 1 or II BARRICADES
AHEAD
CONSTRUCTION BLOCKING ONE- HALF OF A FOUR LANE STREET
END
� NSTRM CONSTRUCTION
UCTION�'-� AHEAD -�
L_.VGLE LANE AHEAD . • ® • SINGLE LANE
• Tt` AHEAD
0 • •
r')NSTRUCTION • TRAFFIC CONES
AHEAD END
Fig. 22 CONSTRUCTION
99